KEADILAN
DALAM BISNIS
Dalam
kaitan dengan keterlibatan sosial, tanggung jawab sosial perusahaan berkaitan
langsung dengan penciptaan atau perbaikan kondisi sosial ekonomi yang semakin
sejahtera dan merata. Tidak hanya dalam pengertian bahwa terwujudnya keadilan
akan menciptakan stabilitas sosial yang akan menunjang kegiatan bisnis,
melainkan juga dalam pengertian bahwa sejauh prinsip keadilan dijalankan akan
lahir wajah bisnis yang lebih baik dan etis. Tidak mengherankan bahwa hingga
sekarang keadilan selalu menjadi salah satu topic penting dalam etika bisnis.
Keadilan
pada hakikatnya adalah memberikan kepada setiap orang apa yang menjadi haknya
(to give everybody his own). Definisi ini popular pada masa roma kuno
sebagaimana diungkapkan oleh Celsus. Ada tida ciri khas yang selalu menandai
keadilan, yaitu keadilan tertuju pada orang lain, keadilan harus ditegakkan,
dan keadilan menuntut persamaan.
Teori
keadilan Aristoteles
Keadilan
Komutatif
Keadilan
Distributif
Teori
Keadilan Adam Smith
Adam
Smith hanya menerima satu konsep atau teori keadilan yaitu keadilan komutatif.
Alasannya, yang disebut keadilan sesungguhnya hanya punya satu arti yaitu yang
menyangkut kesetaraan, keseimbangan, keharmonisan hubungan antara satu orang
atau pihak dengan orang atau pihak lain.
1.
Prinsip No Harm
Menurut
Adam Smith, prinsip paling pokok dari keadilan adalah prinisp no harm, atau
prinsip tidak merugikan orang lain, khususnya tidak merugikan hak dan
kepentingan orang lain.
2.
Prinsip Non-Intervention
Prinsip
keadilan komutatif yang kedua adalah prinsip tidak ikut campur tangan. Prinsip
ini menuntut agar demi jaminan dan penghargaan atas hak dan kepentingan setiap
orang, tidak seorang pun diperkenankan untuk ikut campur tangan dalan kehidupan
dan kegiatan orang lain.
3.
Prinsip Keadilan Tukar
Prinsip
keadilan tukar atau prinsip pertukaran dagang yang fair, terutama terwujud dan
terungkap dalam mekanisme harga dalam pasar. Ini sesungguhnya merupakan
penerapan lebih lanjut prinsip no harm secara khusus dalam pertukaran dagang
antara satu pihak dengan pihak lain dalam pasar.
Prinsip
Keadilan Distributif Rawls
Rawls
merumuskan dua prinsip keadilan distributif, sebagai berikut:
The
greatest equal principle, bahwa setiap orang harus memiliki hak yang sama atas
kebebasan dasar yang paling luas, seluas kebebasan yang sama bagi semua orang.
Ini merupakan hal yang paling mendasar (hak asasi) yang harus dimiliki semua
orang. Dengan kata lain, hanya dengan adanya jaminan kebebasan yang sama bagi
semua orang maka keadilan akan terwujud (Prinsip Kesamaan Hak).
Ketidaksamaan
sosial dan ekonomi harus diatur sedemikian rupa sehingga perlu diperhatikan
asas atau prinsip berikut:
the
different principle
the
principle of fair equality of opportunity
Prinsip
ini diharapkan memberikan keuntungan terbesar bagi orang-orang yang kurang
beruntung, serta memberikan penegasan bahwa dengan kondisi dan kesempatan yang
sama, semua posisi dan jabatan harus terbuka bagi semua orang.
Jalan
Keluar atas Masalah Ketimpangan Ekonomi
Jalan
keluar untuk memecahkan persoalan perbedaan dan ketimpangan ekonomi dan sosial
yang antara lain disebabkan oleh pasar adalah bahwa disamping menjamin
kebebasan yang sama bagi semua, negara dituntut untuk mengambil langkah dan
kebijaksanaan khusus tertentu yang secara khusus dimaksudkan untuk membantu
memperbaiki keadaan sosial dan ekonomi kelompok yang secara objektif tidak
beruntung bukan karena kesalahan mereka sendiri. Langkah atau kebijaksanaan
khusus ini memang hanya dimaksudkan untuk kelompok yang memang atas kemampuan
mereka sendiri tidak bisa memperbaiki kondisi sosial dan ekonomi mereka. Jadi
jalan keluar yang diajukan atas ketimpangan ekonomi adalah dengan mengandalkan
kombinasi mekanisme pasar dan kebijaksanaan selektif pemerintah yang khusus
ditujukan untuk membantu kelompok yang secara objektif tidak mampu memanfaatkan
peluang pasar secara maksimal.
Contoh
keadilan dalam bisnis
Keadilan
terhadap Karyawan
Perlakuan
yang adil oleh manajemen perusahaan terhadap karyawan akan menumbuhkan sikap
positif dalam perusahaan maupun bekerja. Semakin adil perusahaan memperlakukan
karyawan, komitmen dan kinerja karyawan semakin tinggi.
Keadilan
terhadap Masyarakat
Berdirinya
perusahaan apalagi yang berupa manufaktur tentu akan memberikan dampak terhadap
kepada masyarakat sekitar. Baik itu positif atau negatif. Disinilah fungsi
perusahaan sebagai pihak yang memiliki tanggung jawab sosial diharapkan. Hal
ini dapat dilakukan dengan cara menyediakan sarana kesehatan bagi masyarakat
sekitar, menyediakan kuota karyawan yang berasal dari daerah sekitar
perusahaan, dan terlibat dalam kegiatan sosial kemasyarakatan lainnya.
Keadilan
terhadap Pesaing
Persaingan
adalah “adrenalin” -nya bisnis. Ia menghasilkan dunia usaha yang dinamis dan
terus berusaha menghasilkan yang terbaik. Namun persaingan haruslah adil dengan
aturan-aturan yang jelas dan berlaku bagi semua orang. Memenangkan persaingan
bukan berarti mematikan saingan atau pesaing. Dengan demikian persaingan harus
diatur agar selalu ada, dan dilakukan di antara kekuatan-kekuatan yang kurang
lebih seimbang.
Keadilan
terhadap Pelanggan
Dapat
ditunjukkan dengan layanan purna jual yang baik, kualitas produk yang terjamin,
dan adanya perlindungan terhadap hak-hak pelanggan.
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